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KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV/AIDS

In the United States, over 600,000 reported cases of AIDS have been recorded since 1981 and it is believed that 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. Although development time varies from individual to individual, since 1992 scientists have estimated that roughly half of the people living with HIV will develop AIDS within 10 years of becoming infected. AIDS is growing most rapidly among minority populations, as well as women and injection drug users. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the prevalence of AIDS is six times higher in African-Americans and three times higher among Hispanics than among whites.
AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981 and HIV was first identified in 1983, however, studies of stored blood samples indicate that HIV first entered the U.S. population in the late 1970s. Recently, there has been an overall stabilization in the emergence of new AIDS cases in the United States, however, worldwide the epidemic continues to rage, particularly in developing countries and the African continent. According to the NIAID, an estimated 30.6 million globally were living with HIV/AIDS as of December 1997 and the figure was projected to reach 40 million by the year 2000 -- more than 75% of adult infections were as a result of heterosexual contact.

What is HIV?
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that leads to AIDS. HIV belongs to a subset of retroviruses called lentiviruses (or slow viruses), which means that there is an interval -- sometimes years -- between the initial infection and the onset of symptoms. Upon entering the bloodstream -- through mucous membranes or blood-to-blood contact -- HIV infects the CD4+T cells and begins to replicate rapidly.
Scientists believe that when the virus enters the body, HIV begins to disable the body's immune system by using the body's aggressive immune responses to the virus to infect, replicate and kill immune system cells. Gradual deterioration of immune function and eventual destruction of lymphoid and immunologic organs is central to triggering the immunosuppression that leads to AIDS.

What is AIDS?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV infection. The Centers for Disease Control establish the definition of AIDS, which occurs in HIV-infected persons with fewer than 200 CD4+T cells and/or persons with HIV who develop certain opportunistic infections. In 1992, the CDC redefined AIDS to include 26 CDC-defined AIDS indicator illnesses and clinical conditions that affect persons with advanced HIV.

What is a retrovirus?
A retrovirus is any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion, which means it carries its genetic blueprint in the form of ribonucleic acid (RNA) instead of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Additionally, the enzyme reverse transcriptase is employed to copy its genome into the DNA of the host cell's chromosomes. Usually the cellular process involves transcription of DNA into RNA. Reverse transcriptase makes it possible for genetic material to become permanently incorporated into the DNA genome of an infected cell.

What is the distinction between HIV and AIDS?
AIDS is a disease developed by a person living with HIV, which is a viral organism. The term AIDS applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. Although an HIV-positive test result does not mean that a person has AIDS, most people will develop AIDS as a result of their HIV infection.
There are four main stages in the progression of an HIV infected person developing AIDS. The period following the initial HIV infection is called the window period. It is called this because this period reflects the window of time between infection with the virus and when HIV antibodies develop in the bloodstream. An HIV test that looks for antibodies taken during this time can result in a false negative, though antibodies usually appear within six months of the initial infection.
Seroconversion refers to the period of time during which your body is busy producing HIV antibodies, trying to protect itself against the virus. This is the period after the initial infection when many people experience flu-like symptoms and swollen lymph nodes – this is a highly infectious stage.
After most people seroconvert, they usually experience a symptom-free period or asymptomatic period. This stage can last anywhere from 6 months to over 10 years, varying from person to person. Although the person with HIV is experiencing no symptoms, the virus is still replicating inside the body and weakening the immune system.
After this period, severe CD4+T cell loss leads to the symptomatic period, in which the body experiences the symptoms associated with HIV. This is the final stage before developing AIDS.

What are CD4+T cells?
CD4+T cells are the immune system's key infection fighters and the entity that allows HIV to enter, attach and infect the body's immune system. The CD4+T cells (also called T4 cells) are disabled and destroyed by the virus, often with no symptoms, causing a significant decrease in the blood levels of T4 cells. In the advanced stages of HIV, the body may have fewer than 200 T4 cells, while a healthy adult's count is 1,000 or more. In this way, the body's immune system is continuously weakened from the moment of infection and the inability of the immune system to fight infection opens the door to opportunistic infections.

What are opportunistic infections?
According to the CDC, AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Opportunistic infections are a result of the weakened immune system present in persons with HIV/AIDS. An infection takes the "opportunity" provided by the weakened immune system to cause an illness that is usually controlled by a healthy immune system. These infections are sometimes life-threatening and require medical intervention to prevent or treat serious illnesses. Persons living with advanced HIV infection suffer opportunistic infections of the lungs, brain, eyes and other organs. The 26 CDC-defined AIDS indicator illnesses are opportunistic infections. There are medical treatments that can slow the rate at which the immune system is weakened and early detection offers more options for treatment and preventative care.

How is HIV transmitted?
HIV infection most commonly occurs through sexual contact. However, the virus can also be spread through blood-to-blood contact -- such as sharing needles or blood transfusions involving unscreened blood. Studies have shown that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact such as touching or sharing towels, bedding, utensils, telephones, swimming pools, or toilet seats. Scientists have also found no evidence of transmission through kissing, sweat, tears, urine or feces. It is important to acknowledge that it is not sex that transmits HIV, but certain bodily fluids: blood, semen (including "pre-cum"), vaginal secretions and breast milk. High-risk behaviors that can result in HIV transmission are sharing needles for drugs, tattoos, body piercing, vitamins or steroids with an HIV-infected person and/or engaging in unprotected anal, vaginal or oral sex with a person who is HIV infected. The virus also can be transmitted from an HIV-infected mother to her child through pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.
It does appear that persons already infected with a sexually transmitted disease are more susceptible to acquiring HIV during sex with an infected partner. Mucous membranes, a weak point in the skin, include the lips, mouth, vagina, vulva, penis or rectum. Because mucous membranes are porous and viruses and other pathogens are able to pass through, these areas are rich in immune cells. When a person already has a sexually transmitted disease, sex organs may be flooded with CD4+T cells, making it much easier for HIV to infect.
The only way to determine HIV infection is to be tested for the virus. It is not unusual for HIV-infected persons to experience symptoms years after the initial infection; some may be symptom free for over 10 years. However, during the asymptomatic period, the virus is actively multiplying and destroying cells in the immune system, weakening the body's ability to fight infection. The effect is most keenly observed in the decline of the immune system's key infection fighters in the blood, the CD4+T cells. There are medical treatments that can reduce the rate at which HIV disables the immune system; early detection offers more options for treatment and preventative care. As a matter of safety, people who engage in high-risk behaviors -- such as intravenous drug use or having unprotected

November 04, 2009

PROGRAM LATIHAN ASAS SUKARELAWAN MUDA BERSAMA RELA

PERHATIAN KEPADA BELIA MALAYSIA
BERUMUR ANTARA 18 - 40 TAHUN

KEMENTERIAN BELIA DAN SUKAN MALAYSIA
DENGAN KERJASAMA
IKATAN RELAWAN RAKYAT MALAYSIA (RELA)
AKAN MENGANJURKAN
LATIHAN ASAS SUKARELAWAN MUDA BERSAMA RELA

MAKLUMAT LATIHAN SEPERTI BERIKUT:

TARIKH : 12 - 18 NOVEMBER 2009
TEMPAT : 1) SUNGAI PETANI KEDAH &
2) SG UDANG, MELAKA
KEMUDAHAN : PESERTA AKAN DIBERIKAN ELAUN LATIHAN
DAN TAMBANG PENGANGKUTAN.

KEPADA BELIA YANG BERMINAT, BOLEH MENGHUBUNGI
CIK HASIMAH DI TALIAN 03-8871 3530 @ MELALUI
EMAIL : hasimah.rakanmuda@gmail.com
SEBELUM @ PADA 3 NOVEMBER 2009.

Majlis Penasihat Kemahiran Diaktifkan

Kementerian Belia dan Sukan akan mengaktifkan semula Majlis Penasihat Kemahiran di bawah seliaannya dan bakal dianggotai wakil alumni Institut Kemahiran Belia Negara (IKBN), kata timbalan menterinya, Datuk Razali Ibrahim di Miri, seperti yang dilaporkan oleh BERNAMA.

Beliau berkata, majlis penasihat itu juga akan membabitkan wakil daripada pelbagai sektor industri, pertubuhan bukan kerajaan (NGO) dan sektor awam.

Katanya, majlis ini berperanan memberi pandangan dan khidmat nasihat kepada kementerian dalam menggubal dasar dan menentukan hala tuju program pembangunan latihan kemahiran belia.

“Kementerian juga bercadang meningkatkan lagi pengambilan pelatih IKBN kepada 10,760 orang tahun depan, berbanding 10,030 pelajar tahun ini,” katanya selepas merasmikan Konvokesyen ketiga IKBN Miri di sini, semalam.

Katanya, semua 15 IKBN yang sedia ada mempunyai kapasiti yang mencukupi untuk menerima jumlah pelajar yang lebih ramai selain rancangan kementerian untuk mewujudkan enam buah lagi IKBN baru, tahun depan.

Antara latihan kemahiran yang ditawarkan di IKBN termasuk penyelenggaraan automotif, kejuruteraan marin, mekanikal, kejuruteraan sivil, elektrik dan elektronik dan teknologi makanan.

Razali berkata, pertambahan jumlah pelajar ini akan memberikan hasil positif kerana berdasarkan pencapaian sebelum ini, kira-kira 85 peratus daripada pelajar IKBN sudah mendapat tawaran pekerjaan sebelum mereka menamatkan latihan.

“Saya beri jaminan pelajar IKBN ini sentiasa mendapat tempat di hati sektor swasta kerana kemahiran yang mereka ada,” katanya.

Disediakan Oleh : Unit Komunikasi Korporat, dipetik dari BERNAMA.

October 27, 2009

LAMAN SEMBANG SSRM UNICEF MALAYSIA

Salam belia 1 Malaysia buat semua pengguna Blogsite Skuad Sukarelawan Remaja Rakan Muda Unicef Malaysia™. Untuk pengetahuan semua pengguna blogsite, "Laman Sembang" skuad telah dialihkan ke satu link yang lain. Pengguna boleh mengakses laman sembang tersebut dengan meng"klik" SSRMU Blogs Links yang berlabel "laman sembang". Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengasingkan portal rasmi SSRM-Unicef™ Malaysia dan hal-hal peribadi ahli skuad. Portal SSRM-Unicef™ ini adalah sebuah Portal Rasmi. Sebarang pertanyaan dan aduan, sila ajukan kepada ssrm.unicef@gmail.com. Harap maklum dan selamat menggunakan portal "Laman Sembang" SSRM-Unicef™.

September 19, 2009

Selamat Hari Raya Aidilfitri Dari SSRM-UNICEF

Selamat Hari Raya Aidilfitri buat semua pengguna blog Skuad Sukarelawan Remaja Rakan Muda-UNICEF. Semoga hari raya tahun ini memberikan seribu erti kemanisan dan kegembiraan. Kepada sesiapa yang kehilangan insan yang tersayang, bersabarlah dengan dugaan yang dihadapi. Sesungguhnya,semua yang datang pasti akan pergi. Kepada yang memandu pula, berhati-hati ketika memandu. Pandu dengan cermat. Ingat insan yang tersayang dan semoga selamat sampai ke kampung halaman dan menyambut hari lebaran ini dengan penuh gembira. Skuad Sukarelawan Remaja Rakan Muda-UNICEF mengucapkan selamat hari raya aidilfitri.

September 15, 2009

Rakan Muda Ramadan diperluas ke seluruh negara

SANDAKAN 4 Sept — Program Rakan Muda Ramadan bakal diperluaskan di masjid dan surau di seluruh negara bagi menarik golongan belia melakukan aktiviti berfaedah sepanjang bulan ramadan, kata Timbalan Menteri Belia dan Sukan Datuk Razali Ibrahim.

Menurut beliau antara pengisian program yang dilaksanakan di di bawah Rakan Muda Masyarakat itu adalah takzirah dan tadarus Al-Quran.

Katanya kementerian membelanjakan dana berjumlah RM1.5 juta setiap tahun bagi melaksanakan program ini di 1,000 buah masjid dan surau yang terpilih di seluruh negara dengan sasaran aktiviti terhadap 4,000 belia.

“Program ini menjadi aktiviti yang utama dilaksanakan oleh Kementerian Belia dan Sukan setiap kali bulan ramadan sebagai satu pendekatan kepada belia dan beliawanis untuk melakukan aktiviti di masjid atau surau,” katanya kepada pemberita selepas melancarkan sambutan Nuzul Al-Quran Rakan Muda Ramadan peringkat negeri Sabah di sini malam tadi.

Razali berkata Sabah merupakan negeri keenam telah menganjurkan program itu dan selepas ini ia akan dianjurkan di negeri lain.

Katanya pengisian program itu di setiap negeri dilakukan berbeza-beza dalam usaha menarik perhatian golongan belia dan beliawanis menyertai program tersebut.

Beliau berkata pada masa akan datang, pihaknya berharap setiap masjid dan surau yang pernah dipilih menyertai program ini dapat berdikari untuk menganjurkan program yang sama.

— BERNAMA